{"id":1422,"date":"2022-12-13T15:11:20","date_gmt":"2022-12-13T15:11:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/safahat.media\/?p=1422"},"modified":"2022-12-13T15:11:26","modified_gmt":"2022-12-13T15:11:26","slug":"%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b6%d9%8a-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b6%d8%b1-%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%86%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d8%b7%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%a8","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/safahatmedia.com\/?p=1422","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633 \u0648\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a.. (\u0661)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

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<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u063a\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a “\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631” \/ \u062d\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647  20\/10\/2002 \/ \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \/ \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0631\u0642\u0645  153. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a “\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0621” \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0642 \u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633<\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 “\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0621”  \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0647\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u062c\u0644\u0647 “\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0644\u0646\u062f”( 1893- 1973) \u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u062d (1894<\/a> – 1951<\/a>)\u060c  \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1940 \u0628\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0648\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cComment voulez-vous r\u00e9former l\u2019\u00e9conomie d\u2019un pays o\u00f9 m\u00eame les fruits ont une religion : la pomme \u00e9tant maronite, la vigne catholique, l\u2019olive orthodoxe, l\u2019orange sunnite, le tabac chiite et la figue druze ?\u201d<\/em> La question fut pos\u00e9e par l\u2019\u00e9conomiste belge Paul Van Zeeland, convi\u00e9 au Liban au terme de la Seconde Guerre mondiale pour proposer des pistes de relance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAu-del\u00e0 de la caricature, ce constat est d\u2019une lucidit\u00e9 exceptionnelle\u201d, <\/em>estime Nicolas Chammas, pr\u00e9sident de l\u2019Association des commer\u00e7ants de Beyrouth. \u201cLe r\u00e9gime politique \u00e9tant fig\u00e9 autour du principe confessionnel, il entrave l\u2019\u00e9volution du syst\u00e8me \u00e9conomique, emp\u00eachant toute tentative s\u00e9rieuse de r\u00e9forme de l\u2019Etat ou de renouvellement des \u00e9lites.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cet avis est partag\u00e9 par l\u2019\u00e9conomiste Jad Chaabane. \u201cLe r\u00e9gime confessionnel entrave la concurrence, permettant et l\u00e9galisant l\u2019existence de monopoles, <\/em>explique-t-il. Il va \u00e0 l\u2019encontre m\u00eame des lois du march\u00e9, des droits de l\u2019homme et de l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 gouvernementale. Le pays demeure dans une logique autodestructrice, car le r\u00e9gime confessionnel p\u00e8se lourd sur l\u2019\u00e9conomie.\u201d <\/em>Selon ses calculs, effectu\u00e9s \u00e0 partir du budget 2012, les paiements directs aux tribunaux religieux [de chaque communaut\u00e9, charg\u00e9s du droit priv\u00e9] repr\u00e9sentent 16 millions de dollars, tandis qu\u2019un mariage civil obligatoire permettrait \u00e0 la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u2019\u00e9conomiser 5,6 millions de dollars par an. En outre, 111 millions de dollars sont vers\u00e9s aux \u00e9coles gratuites priv\u00e9es [confessionnelles], soit 12 % du budget de l\u2019\u00e9ducation et de l\u2019enseignement sup\u00e9rieur, tandis que 96 % du budget du minist\u00e8re des Affaires sociales est allou\u00e9 \u00e0 des ONG [des associations confessionnelles]. Au total, cela repr\u00e9sente 242 millions de dollars en transferts directs, soit 1 % du PIB.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par ailleurs, dans une \u00e9tude publi\u00e9e l\u2019ann\u00e9e , l\u2019\u00e9conomiste avait d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que le syst\u00e8me co\u00fbte en moyenne 114 000 dollars par an \u00e0 chaque Libanais. Pr\u00e8s de 3 milliards de dollars, soit 9 % du PIB, sont d\u00e9pens\u00e9s pour couvrir les co\u00fbts li\u00e9s au syst\u00e8me confessionnel. Selon Jad Chaabane, \u201c16 % des fonctionnaires repr\u00e9sentent un fardeau suppl\u00e9mentaire engendr\u00e9 par le syst\u00e8me confessionnel\u201d. <\/em>De plus, les politiciens exercent des pressions pour \u00e9viter que leurs partisans, de la m\u00eame confession, payent leurs factures. Les pertes ainsi engendr\u00e9es s\u2019\u00e9l\u00e8veraient chaque ann\u00e9e \u00e0 67,5 millions de dollars dans le secteur de l\u2019eau et \u00e0 150 millions dans celui de l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 “\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0641\u062f” \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0648\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0647 (1897- 1966)  Louis-Joseph Lebret\u060c  \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0634\u0647\u0640\u0627\u0628 ( 1902- 1973)  \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0640\u0648\u0627\u0645 1960 \u0640 1964 \u0648\u0636\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062b\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Institut international de recherche et de formation en vue du d\u00e9veloppement harmonis\u00e9 (IRFED),<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\"\"
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<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a (2) \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644\/ \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2008 \u060c \u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633 \u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647 “\u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0633\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629”. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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